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IMMUNOCHEMISTRY LABORATORYVirology
laboratory
Ð
Immunochemistry laboratory has at it's disposal
automatic analyzers of the new generation by renowned world manufacturers (Abbott, Siemens-Bayer, Roche),
which leading characteristic is a high level of reliability and automation, so
the results can be obtained within a day. |
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Architect i2000 SR (Abbott)
- CMIA method
(Chemiluminescent Microparticle
Immunoassay)
AxSym System (Abbott) -
methods:
- MEIA - Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay
- FPIA -
Fluorescent Polarization Immunoassay
ADVIA Centaur (Advia)
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CLIA method
(Chemiluminescent
Immunoassay)
Liaison (DiaSorin)
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CLIA method
(Chemiluminescent
Immunoassay)
Immunological
analysis are also assessed with ELISA method on
automatic reader Stat Fax 303 Plus.
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HORMONES
Human organism consists of a
large number of organs, and organs out of tissues and cell of various
structure. So organism could function properly, there must exist a coordination of different processes, that are often on going in organs and tissues
distant from each other. For achieving such a coordination it is crucial to have
transmission of needed "messages" from one organ to another. Transmission of
these messages is carried out trough special "signals" of nervous and
endocrine system. Hormones are carriers of these signals within the endocrine
system. Hormones affect is specific, so lack or excess leads to characteristic
changes in organism.
-
Growth hormone - regulates organism growth and
development.
- TSH - stimulates thyroid gland
hormone secretion.
- LH - stimulates
secretion of sex hormones; progesterone in women, and testosterone in men.
- FSH - stimulates ovary foliculs
development and estrogen secretion in women, and causes spermatogenesis in
men.
- ACTH - stimulates functions of
adrenal gland cortex.
- Prolactin - stimulates milk secretion in
women.
- Estradiol - regulates menstrual cycle and
has an impact on secondary sex characteristics development in women.
- Progesterone - regulates menstrual cycle
and plays an important role in maintaining pregnancy till the formation of placenta.
- Testosterone - responsible for primary and
secondary sex characteristics in men.
- Cortisol - excreted by the adrenal
cortex, regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins.
- PTH - parathyroid
gland hormone; regulates calcium and phosphorous concentrations.
- T3, T4 - thyroid
gland hormones; regulate other tissue metabolism.
- Calcitonine - thyroid gland
hormone;
lowers the level of calcium in blood, and regulates bone metabolism along with PTH and Vitamin D,.
- Insulin - excreted by pancreas; regulates
metabolism of carbohydrates.
TUMOR
MARKERS (CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9,
total and free PSA, Cyfra 21-1,
NSE, CA 72-4)
Tumor markers are substances that produce tumor cells or
other cells in organism as a response to the presence of
cancer or to certain benign (non-cancer) conditions.
Determination of tumor markers may be
used for screening, differential diagnosis or
prognosis and monitoring of certain cancer type clinical
course. Screening test can detect cancer in an early stage,
long before any symptoms appear. So screening test could be
of use it is necessary that the assessed tumor marker has high
specificity and sensibility. Unfortunately, most tumor
markers does not posses these characteristics. Although
high level of tumor markers can indicate cancer, this data
itself is not sufficient for cancer diagnosis. Because
of that, in the purpose of cancer diagnosis, determination
of tumor markers is a useful aid to other diagnostic
procedures (like biopsy).
Determination of tumor marker levels
today is commonly used before treatment for the planning of
adequate therapy, in some types of cancer for determining
the stage of disease and to test the response to the
applied therapy (surgical tumor removal, radiotherapy,
chemotherapy).
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IMMUNOLOGY ANALYSIS
Antibodies are proteins that immune system produces as a
response to the presence of foreign proteins or
other molecules in organism. Normally, immune system
is capable of recognizing and ignoring its own cells
and their components so it wouldn't react to harmless
substances in the environment, like food, for
example.
Sometimes, however, immune system doesn't succeed in
recognizing one or more cell constituents as his own
and it leads to auto antibodies
production. These antibodies attack their own cells,
tissues and organs and lead to inflammation and
damages. Diseases caused by auto antibodies are call
autoimmune diseases.
Reasons for auto antibodies production may vary and
are still not fully enlightened. It is considered
that genetic predisposition plays a large part in
their production, and also some triggers from the
environment, such as viral infection or long term
exposure to toxic substances.
Medically significant auto antibodies are
antinuclear (ANA), anti-neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA), anti-cardiolipin (ACA),
antibodies of circulating citrulated peptide
(anti CCP), anti-thyroid antibodies - Ab of
thyroglobulin (Tg), Ab of thyroid-peroxidase
(AtPO), of receptors for thyroid-stimulating
hormone (anti TSH R), etc.
QUALITATIVE PRESENCE OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
IN URINE
Metabolites of intoxicating drugs we detect can be
detected in urine 48h after administration.
DRUGS
(Valproic acid, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine)
The prices of
all of our laboratory services you may find in our
price list.
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VIROLOGY
LABORATORYIMMUNOCHEMISTRY
LABORATORYÎ
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Medical
indications
• Adenoviruses. Adenovirus infections are common in
newborns and children. Can cause various clinical symptoms,
of which most often are upper bronchial tubes infections
with strong rhinitis.
• Borrelia burgdorferi.
Causes Lames borreliosis, multi-system inflammatory infective
disease that has a characteristic multi-stadium evolution. It is
carried by a sting of an infected tick.
• Cytomegalo
viruses (CMV). Belong to the herpes virus group. Beside
causing severe defects in birth, CMV causes a wide spectrum
of disorders in senior children and adults. After infection,
the person will most likely carry the virus entire life, and
most often those infections remain latent.
• B group Coxsackie
virus. Belongs to the group of enteroviruses. They got the
name for their ability to infect the epithel of digestive
tract and lymph tissue, and to be excreted through stool.
Around 60% of infections are sub-clinical. Main interest for
these viruses comes from their ability to cause much serious
diseases that become obvious during epidemic period (damages
of central nervous system and internal organs, as well as
focal muscle damages).
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV
is a B-lymphotropic human herpes virus spread around the
world. Primary infection of EBV is followed by clinical
syndrome of infective mononucleosis, which is featured by
clinical trinity (fever, lymphadenopathy and faryngitis). EBV
IgM antibodies are important for diagnosis of primary
infections of EB virus, while IgG antibodies are present in
all humans who came in contact with EBV and can be detected
entire life.
• Toxoplasma gondii.
Direct cause of toxoplasmosis. Main carrier in animals
is a cat in which the parasite lives in its intestinal cells,
and where the oocysts are developed (sexual development
cycle). Humans are commonly infected by peroral input of
oocists (from feces of contagious cats), or from meat
products (insufficient thermally processed meat of
contagious animals has cysts with live trophosoites).
• Helicobacter pylori.
Numerous researches around the globe up till today, indicate
causality between gastritis ulcer in stomach and duodenum
with helicobacter infection. More that 50% of population is
infected with this bacteria, while half of the infections
are
asymptomatic. Helicobacter infection is carried by fecal-oral
and oral-oral way. Helicobacter significantly disturbs
physiology of stomach secretion.
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• Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Spread worldwide and is
considered as the carrier of pneumonia. Most exposed groups for infection
are children, adolescents and younger people. Infection has an endemic
character, but may go over to epidemic. It is carried in drop way. Catches
oropharinks, trachea and bronchi, although often leads to pneumonia.
• Herpes simplex. Widely spread disease and usually
passes without complications. Type 1 predominantly attack the area around
mouth and nose, and Type 2 the genitals. Antibodies for HSV-1 are found in
more than 90 percent of population, and for HSV-2 in 7 to 20%.
• Anti-HAV IgM. The test is used as an aid in diagnosis
of acute or recent (usually present six to nine months) infection of
hepatitis A virus. In most cases IgM anti-HAV response peaks during the
first month of disease, maintains during first three to six months, so it
would slowly disappear by the end of one year from the start. |
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• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
The test is used as a screening for the presence of HBsAg in
blood and blood products, with the purpose of preventing the
carrying of hepatitis B virus. Test is also routinely used in diagnosis of
suspected HBV infection, for monitoring the condition of infected
persons in case when the infection is cleansed, or in cases when
the patient is a chronic virus carrier.
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is a
virus carried by blood. It is the cause of the largest number of
infections from non-A and non-B hepatitis in patients who receive
blood, as well as among other population. Presence of
antibodies for virus hepatitis C indicates the person could
be infected with HCV, has a HCV infection definitely and/or
can be a HCV infection carrier.
Incubation period for HCV is fivet to twelve weeks.
Seroconversion period for HCV is minimum three months, and
maximum six months, although in specific case it may pass up to a
year. That means it is needed to pass at least three months,
preferably six, from potentially risk contact so the test could be
valid.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV Ag/Ab Combo).
The test is used for simultaneous detection of antibodies for
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and/or type 2 (HIV1/HIV2)
and HIV p24 antigen. Used as a support in HIV infection
diagnosis. HIV Ag/Ab doesn't distinct reactivity HIV-1
antibodies, HIV-2 antibodies and HIV p24 antigen.
Seroconversion period for HIV is
minimum three months, and maximum six months, although in specific
case it may pass up to a year. That means it is needed to
pass at least three months, preferably six, from potentially risk
contact so the test could be valid.
The prices of
all of our laboratory services you may find in our
price list. |
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